BROILER STARTER MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Whole maize                   61 kg
• Soybean meal                  18 kg
• Wheat pollard                  4 kg
• Full-fat soya                 13.5 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Bone meal                     2.5 kg
• Ground limestone              0.5 kg
• Lysine (amino acid)          0.2 kg
• Methionine (amino acid)      0.3 kg
• Premix (vitamins & minerals) 0.25 kg
• Table salt                   0.3 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 23.5%
Metabolizable Energy: 3,000 kcal/kg

BROILER STARTER - 70 KG BATCH

• Whole maize                42.7 kg
• Soybean meal               12.6 kg
• Wheat pollard               2.8 kg
• Full-fat soya               9.45 kg
• Bone meal                   1.75 kg
• Ground limestone            0.35 kg
• Lysine                      0.14 kg
• Methionine                  0.21 kg
• Premix                      0.175 kg
• Table salt                  0.21 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

BROILER GROWER MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Whole maize                45 kg
• Soybean meal                7.5 kg
• Wheat offal/bran           12 kg
• Ground nut cake            15 kg
• Palm kernel cake           12 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Limestone (ground)          5 kg
• Bone meal                   2.5 kg
• Premix                      0.25 kg
• Toxin binder                0.15 kg
• Table salt                  0.3 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 21%
Metabolizable Energy: 3,050 kcal/kg

BROILER GROWER - 70 KG BATCH

• Whole maize                31.5 kg
• Soybean meal                5.25 kg
• Wheat offal/bran            8.4 kg
• Ground nut cake            10.5 kg
• Palm kernel cake            8.4 kg
• Limestone                   3.5 kg
• Bone meal                   1.75 kg
• Premix                      0.175 kg
• Toxin binder                0.105 kg
• Table salt                  0.21 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

BROILER FINISHER MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Whole maize                66 kg
• Soybean meal               18.55 kg
• Ground nut cake             7 kg
• Brewers dried grain          5 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Bone meal                   2 kg
• Limestone (ground)          0.5 kg
• Premix                      0.25 kg
• Toxin binder                0.1 kg
• Table salt                  0.25 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 19.5%
Metabolizable Energy: 3,150 kcal/kg

BROILER FINISHER - 70 KG BATCH

• Whole maize                46.2 kg
• Soybean meal               12.985 kg
• Ground nut cake             4.9 kg
• Brewers dried grain          3.5 kg
• Bone meal                   1.4 kg
• Limestone                   0.35 kg
• Premix                      0.175 kg
• Toxin binder                0.07 kg
• Table salt                  0.175 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

LAYER CHICK MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Whole maize                46 kg
• Wheat bran                 13 kg
• Wheat pollard              10 kg
• Sunflower meal/cake        25 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Fish meal                   2.6 kg
• Ground limestone            2.5 kg
• Bone meal                   0.5 kg
• Premix (vitamins/minerals) 0.3 kg
• Table salt                 0.25 kg
• Amino acid blend (Lys+Met)  0.25 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 19%
Metabolizable Energy: 2,900 kcal/kg

LAYER CHICK MASH - 70 KG BATCH

• Whole maize                32.2 kg
• Wheat bran                  9.1 kg
• Wheat pollard               7 kg
• Sunflower meal             17.5 kg
• Fish meal                   1.82 kg
• Ground limestone            1.75 kg
• Bone meal                   0.35 kg
• Premix                      0.21 kg
• Table salt                  0.175 kg
• Amino acid blend            0.175 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

LAYER GROWER MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Whole maize                14.3 kg
• Maize germ                 24.3 kg
• Wheat pollard              18.6 kg
• Wheat bran                 14.3 kg
• Sunflower cake             15.7 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Soybean meal                4.9 kg
• Fish meal                   2 kg
• Bone meal                   1 kg
• Ground limestone            4.3 kg
• Premix                      0.3 kg
• Toxin binder                0.1 kg
• Table salt                  0.3 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 17%
Metabolizable Energy: 2,850 kcal/kg

LAYER GROWER - 70 KG BATCH

• Whole maize                10.01 kg
• Maize germ                 17.01 kg
• Wheat pollard              13.02 kg
• Wheat bran                  10.01 kg
• Sunflower cake             10.99 kg
• Soybean meal                3.43 kg
• Fish meal                   1.4 kg
• Bone meal                   0.7 kg
• Ground limestone            3.01 kg
• Premix                      0.21 kg
• Toxin binder                0.07 kg
• Table salt                  0.21 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

LAYER MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Whole maize                48.5 kg
• Soybean meal               17 kg
• Fish meal                  11 kg
• Maize bran/wheat bran      14 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Ground limestone            9.5 kg

Optional Performance Enhancers:
• Premix (vitamins/minerals) 0.2 kg
• Lysine                      0.1 kg
• Methionine                  0.05 kg
• Threonine                   0.1 kg
• Tryptophan                  0.05 kg
• Toxin binder                0.1 kg
• Table salt                  0.25 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 17%
Calcium Content: 3.6%
Metabolizable Energy: 2,900 kcal/kg

LAYER MASH - 70 KG BATCH

• Whole maize                33.95 kg
• Soybean meal               11.9 kg
• Fish meal                   7.7 kg
• Maize bran/wheat bran       9.8 kg
• Ground limestone            6.65 kg
• Premix                      0.14 kg
• Lysine                      0.07 kg
• Methionine                  0.035 kg
• Threonine                   0.07 kg
• Tryptophan                  0.035 kg
• Toxin binder                0.07 kg
• Table salt                  0.175 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

KIENYEJI CHICK MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Maize                      35 kg
• Maize germ                 28 kg
• Wheat bran                  8 kg
• Wheat pollard              21.5 kg

Protein Sources:
• Fish meal                   6 kg
• Soybean meal                7 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Sunflower meal             10 kg
• Cotton seed cake            5 kg
• Stock lime/limestone        2.5 kg
• Bone meal                   1.1 kg
• Dicalcium phosphate (DCP)  0.2 kg
• Methionine                  0.05 kg
• Chick premix                0.2 kg
• Red salt (iodized salt)     0.3 kg
• Toxin binder                0.1 kg

TOTAL = 1000g (1 kg) or scale for 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 19%
Metabolizable Energy: 2,900 kcal/kg

KIENYEJI CHICK MASH - 70 KG BATCH

• Maize                      24.5 kg
• Maize germ                 19.6 kg
• Wheat bran                  5.6 kg
• Wheat pollard              15.05 kg
• Fish meal                   4.2 kg
• Soybean meal                4.9 kg
• Sunflower meal              7 kg
• Cotton seed cake            3.5 kg
• Stock lime                  1.75 kg
• Bone meal                   0.77 kg
• DCP                         0.14 kg
• Methionine                  0.035 kg
• Chick premix                0.14 kg
• Red salt                    0.21 kg
• Toxin binder                0.07 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

KIENYEJI GROWER MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Maize                      30 kg
• Maize germ                 25 kg
• Wheat bran                 20 kg
• Wheat pollard              10 kg

Protein & Supplementary:
• Soybean cake/meal          7 kg
• Sunflower cake             5 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Fish meal                   1.5 kg
• Stock lime/limestone        1 kg
• Bone meal                   0.8 kg
• Premix                      0.2 kg
• Salt                        0.2 kg
• Toxin binder                0.1 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 17%
Metabolizable Energy: 2,850 kcal/kg

KIENYEJI GROWER - 70 KG BATCH

• Maize                      21 kg
• Maize germ                 17.5 kg
• Wheat bran                 14 kg
• Wheat pollard               7 kg
• Soybean cake/meal           4.9 kg
• Sunflower cake              3.5 kg
• Fish meal                   1.05 kg
• Stock lime                  0.7 kg
• Bone meal                   0.56 kg
• Premix                      0.14 kg
• Salt                        0.14 kg
• Toxin binder                0.07 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

KIENYEJI LAYER MASH - 100 KG BATCH

Primary Ingredients:
• Maize                      40 kg
• Maize germ                 15 kg
• Wheat bran                 15 kg
• Wheat pollard              10 kg

Protein & Supplementary:
• Soybean meal                8 kg
• Sunflower cake              5 kg
• Fish meal                   1.5 kg

Mineral & Vitamin Fortification:
• Stock lime/limestone        4 kg
• Bone meal                   0.8 kg
• Premix                      0.15 kg
• Salt                        0.2 kg
• Toxin binder                0.1 kg

TOTAL = 100 kg

Crude Protein Content: 15.5%
Calcium Content: 3.1%
Metabolizable Energy: 2,750 kcal/kg

KIENYEJI LAYER - 70 KG BATCH

• Maize                      28 kg
• Maize germ                 10.5 kg
• Wheat bran                 10.5 kg
• Wheat pollard               7 kg
• Soybean meal                5.6 kg
• Sunflower cake              3.5 kg
• Fish meal                   1.05 kg
• Stock lime                  2.8 kg
• Bone meal                   0.56 kg
• Premix                      0.105 kg
• Salt                        0.14 kg
• Toxin binder                0.07 kg

TOTAL = 70 kg

INGREDIENT SOURCING LOCATIONS IN KENYA

Maize & Grains:
✓ Direct from farmers during harvest
✓ Grain traders at markets (Nyayo Stadium Nairobi, Wakulima Market)
✓ Grain cooperatives and farmer groups
✓ Agricultural input dealers

Fish Meal (Omena):
✓ Lake Victoria fish markets (Kisumu, Homa Bay)
✓ Dried fish wholesalers in major towns
✓ Coastal markets (Mombasa)
✓ Online suppliers with delivery services

Soybean Meal:
✓ Major agrochemical shops nationwide
✓ Oil processing mills
✓ Grain cooperatives
✓ Agricultural input stores

Sunflower/Groundnut Cake:
✓ Oil extraction facilities
✓ Agricultural input dealers
✓ Feed suppliers
✓ Grain mills

Limestone & Bone Meal:
✓ Agrovet shops nationwide
✓ Hardware stores
✓ Veterinary clinics
✓ Slaughterhouses (for bone meal)

Premix & Amino Acids:
✓ Veterinary pharmaceutical suppliers
✓ Major agrovet chains
✓ Poultry supply stores
✓ Feed manufacturer dealers

APPROXIMATE INGREDIENT COSTS IN KENYA (November 2025)

Ingredient              Price/kg      Availability
Whole Maize            30-35 KSh     Excellent
Maize Germ             25-30 KSh     Good
Wheat Bran             15-20 KSh     Good
Soybean Meal           80-100 KSh    Good
Fish Meal (Omena)      120-150 KSh   Seasonal
Sunflower Cake         60-80 KSh     Good
Groundnut Cake         70-90 KSh     Fair
Lime                   2-5 KSh       Excellent
Bone Meal              40-60 KSh     Fair
Premix (per kg)        200-300 KSh   Good
Amino Acids (per kg)   300-400 KSh   Fair

*Note: Prices vary by region, season, and quantity. Buy in bulk for 
better prices. Purchase during harvest season for grains.

BASIC FEED MAKING EQUIPMENT

Essential:
□ Large plastic or wooden troughs (150-200 liter capacity)
□ Measuring containers (10-liter buckets)
□ Weighing scale (accurate to 0.1 kg)
□ Hand mixer or paddle for mixing
□ Shovels for grain grinding
□ Screens/sieves (2-3mm mesh)

Optional but Helpful:
□ Electric grain grinder (for maize crushing)
□ Motorized feed mixer (for large batches)
□ Moisture meter (to check feed quality)
□ pH meter (advanced monitoring)

Storage Containers:
□ Galvanized metal drums (20-25 liters)
□ Plastic storage bins with tight-fitting lids
□ Burlap sacks (for bulk storage with rodent protection)
□ Metal storage cabinets (rodent-proof)

HOMEMADE FEED PRODUCTION STEPS

1. Preparation (30 minutes)
   □ Gather all ingredients
   □ Check for mold, discoloration, or spoilage
   □ Discard any contaminated ingredients
   □ Measure each ingredient accurately

2. Grinding & Crushing (if necessary)
   □ Crush whole maize to 5-6mm particle size
   □ Use hand grinder or hammer mill
   □ Ensure even particle distribution

3. Initial Mixing (10-15 minutes)
   □ Combine all grain ingredients first
   □ Mix thoroughly using shovel
   □ Break up any clumps
   □ Stir for consistent color

4. Protein Addition (5 minutes)
   □ Add all protein sources (soya, fish meal, etc.)
   □ Mix thoroughly to distribute evenly
   □ Ensure no pockets of single ingredients remain

5. Mineral & Vitamin Addition (5 minutes)
   □ Add limestone or bone meal
   □ Add premix and amino acids
   □ Add salt and other additives
   □ Mix intensively for 5-10 minutes

6. Final Quality Check (5 minutes)
   □ Inspect for uniform color
   □ Check for clumping (should be free-flowing)
   □ Smell for any musty or off odors
   □ Sample taste (safe ingredients) for palatability

7. Packaging & Storage (10-15 minutes)
   □ Place in clean storage containers
   □ Label with date, type, and ingredients
   □ Seal containers tightly
   □ Store in cool, dry location
   □ Elevate containers off floor for rodent prevention

Total Time: 1.5-2 hours per batch

FEED STORAGE BEST PRACTICES

Temperature & Humidity:
✓ Store at 15-25°C ideally
✓ Keep relative humidity below 65%
✓ Ensure good ventilation around storage area
✓ Keep away from direct sunlight

Container Management:
✓ Use clean containers before filling
✓ Ensure lids fit tightly
✓ Store elevated (at least 30cm off ground)
✓ Keep containers off exterior walls

Pest Prevention:
✓ Use metal containers to prevent rodent entry
✓ Screen ventilation areas to exclude insects
✓ Place containers away from potential pest harbors
✓ Check regularly for signs of infestation

Spoilage Prevention:
✓ Do not store near sources of moisture
✓ Ensure feed is completely dry before storage
✓ Use feeds within 2-3 weeks of preparation
✓ Rotate stock (use oldest first)

Quality Monitoring:
✓ Smell feed regularly for musty odors
✓ Check for visible mold growth
✓ Observe bird consumption rates
✓ Note any digestive issues in birds

PREPARED FEED SHELF LIFE

Feed Type           Optimal Storage    Maximum Storage
                    (Fresh Quality)    (Acceptable)

Starter Feeds       7-10 days          14 days
Grower Feeds        10-14 days         21 days
Layer Feeds         10-14 days         21 days
Kienyeji Feeds      10-14 days         21 days

*Stored in sealed containers at 15-20°C
*Longer storage reduces nutrient availability
*Use fresh feed within 2 weeks for best results

AFLATOXIN PREVENTION IN HOMEMADE FEEDS

What is Aflatoxin?
- Invisible mold-produced toxin dangerous to birds and humans
- Causes liver damage, reduced immunity, poor production
- More common in warm, humid conditions

Prevention Steps:
✓ Buy maize from reputable sources
✓ Inspect all grains before use (no visible mold)
✓ Ensure ingredients are completely dry
✓ Store in moisture-free conditions
✓ Use toxin binder in all feed formulations
✓ Never store feed near sources of moisture
✓ Discard any feed that smells musty

Signs of Aflatoxin Contamination:
⚠ Musty or moldy smell
⚠ White or black spots on grains
⚠ Discolored or darkened ingredients
⚠ Clumping or moisture in stored feed

Feed Additives:
- Include 100-150g of quality toxin binder per 70kg batch
- Toxin binders are available from agrovet shops
- Usually cost KSh 20-40 per batch

FEED QUALITY VERIFICATION

Visual Inspection:
□ Uniform color distribution
□ No separation of ingredients
□ No visible mold or contamination
□ Free-flowing texture (no clumping)

Physical Properties:
□ Dry to touch
□ Pleasant grain/neutral smell
□ No musty or off odors
□ Proper particle size (5-7mm for broiler finishers)

Bird Performance Indicators (after 1-2 weeks):
□ Good appetite and consumption
□ Consistent growth rates
□ Healthy droppings
□ Bright eyes and active behavior
□ No digestive disturbances
□ Optimal feather condition

Poor Feed Indicators (Immediate Action Needed):
⚠ Birds refusing to eat
⚠ Excessive pecking and sorting
⚠ Watery or abnormal droppings
⚠ Lethargy and reduced activity
⚠ Visible spoilage signs
⚠ Musty or fermented smell

BROILER PRODUCTION COST COMPARISON (Per Bird)

                        Commercial Feed    Homemade Feed    Savings
                        
Feed Cost (7kg total)   700-900 KSh        420-560 KSh      140-340 KSh
Other Costs             300 KSh            300 KSh          —
Total Cost              1,000-1,200 KSh    720-860 KSh      180-440 KSh

For 1,000 Birds:
Commercial Cost         1,000,000-1,200,000 KSh
Homemade Cost          720,000-860,000 KSh
Total Annual Savings   140,000-480,000 KSh

LAYER PRODUCTION COST ANALYSIS (Per Bird, Annual)

                           Commercial Feed    Homemade Feed    Savings
                        
Feed Cost (50kg/year)     5,000-6,000 KSh   3,200-3,800 KSh  1,200-2,200 KSh
Other Costs               800 KSh           800 KSh          —
Total Annual Cost         5,800-6,800 KSh   4,000-4,600 KSh  1,200-2,200 KSh

For 100 Layers Over 18 Months:
Commercial Cost           870,000-1,020,000 KSh
Homemade Cost            600,000-690,000 KSh
Total Savings            180,000-420,000 KSh

RETURN ON INVESTMENT - 100 LAYER OPERATION

Initial Investment:
- Layers (100 @ 500 KSh)           50,000 KSh
- Housing & Equipment              100,000 KSh
- Feed storage containers            8,000 KSh
- Mixing equipment                   5,000 KSh
- Initial feed                      30,000 KSh
TOTAL INITIAL COST                 193,000 KSh

Annual Feed Savings (homemade vs commercial):
- 100 layers × KSh 1,700 avg       170,000 KSh

Additional Revenue Opportunity:
- Homemade feed quality improvement  10-15% better production
- Additional eggs (3-5 per bird/year) 300-500 eggs
- At KSh 25 per egg                 7,500-12,500 KSh

Total Annual Benefit                177,500-182,500 KSh

BREAK-EVEN POINT: 13-14 months
Payback Period: Less than 2 years
Long-term Profitability: Excellent for 3-5 year operation

BIRDS REFUSING TO EAT - DIAGNOSTIC & SOLUTIONS

Possible Causes & Solutions:

1. Poor Palatability
   → Add small amounts of cooking oil (2-3%) for shine
   → Mix slightly crushed grains for variety
   → Ensure consistent texture

2. Feed Spoilage
   → Check for musty smell (indicates mold)
   → Verify storage conditions
   → Discard and prepare fresh batch
   → Improve storage humidity control

3. Transition from Commercial Feed
   → Mix 20% homemade + 80% commercial (Days 1-3)
   → Mix 50% homemade + 50% commercial (Days 4-6)
   → Mix 80% homemade + 20% commercial (Days 7-9)
   → 100% homemade (Day 10+)

4. Incorrect Particle Size
   → Broiler starters need fine mash (2-3mm)
   → Growers need medium mash (4-5mm)
   → Finishers need larger crumbles (6-7mm)
   → Use sieve to separate particle sizes

5. Nutrient Deficiency
   → Ensure adequate protein source
   → Verify premix inclusion (not skipped)
   → Check calcium levels for layers
   → Consider laboratory feed testing

6. Contamination/Illness
   → Observe for disease symptoms
   → Check water quality and cleanliness
   → Ensure adequate ventilation
   → Consult veterinarian if condition persists

BROILER GROWTH PROBLEMS - CAUSES & SOLUTIONS

Slow Growth (Gain < 50g/day):
✓ Increase protein to 24% in starter
✓ Verify premix inclusion
✓ Check feed intake adequacy
✓ Ensure water is clean and accessible
✓ Check for parasites/disease

High Mortality:
✓ Check feed for contamination
✓ Verify chick hatchability
✓ Review vaccination schedule
✓ Improve ventilation
✓ Prevent overcrowding

Poor Feed Conversion:
✓ Increase energy levels (oil content)
✓ Verify nutrient balance
✓ Remove spoiled feed immediately
✓ Monitor for disease
✓ Ensure optimal temperature

Uneven Growth:
✓ Check for parasites
✓ Ensure all birds access feeders
✓ Separate weak/bullied birds
✓ Verify adequate water space
✓ Improve feeding management

LAYER PRODUCTION PROBLEMS - CAUSES & SOLUTIONS

Reduced Egg Count:
✓ Verify 3.5-4% calcium in feed (limestone)
✓ Ensure 16-18% crude protein
✓ Check premix inclusion
✓ Reduce environmental stress
✓ Ensure 14-16 hours light daily

Poor Shell Quality:
✓ Increase limestone to 10-11%
✓ Add oyster shell as supplement
✓ Verify calcium absorption (Vitamin D3)
✓ Ensure adequate phosphorus
✓ Reduce stress and overcrowding

Pale Yolks:
✓ Increase green feed (foraging)
✓ Add yellow maize instead of white
✓ Include xanthophyll sources
✓ Improve overall nutrition

Rough/Wrinkled Shells:
✓ Verify premix quality
✓ Ensure consistent calcium
✓ Check for sudden weather changes
✓ Verify bird health status
✓ Consider feed testing

PEARSON SQUARE FOR PROTEIN BALANCING

Example: Mix maize (8.23% DCP) + Soya (45% DCP) to get 18% DCP

Step 1: Create the Square
        Maize (8.23)  ─┐
                       ├─→ 45-18 = 27 parts Maize
        18% Target    ─┘
        
        Soya (45%)    ─┐
                       ├─→ 18-8.23 = 9.77 parts Soya
        18% Target    ─┘

Step 2: Calculate Ratio
Total parts = 27 + 9.77 = 36.77
Maize = 27 ÷ 36.77 = 73.4%
Soya = 9.77 ÷ 36.77 = 26.6%

Result: Mix 73.4 kg maize + 26.6 kg soya to get 100 kg feed with 18% DCP

INGREDIENT SUBSTITUTION GUIDE

If Soybean is Scarce:
- Replace with equal DCP from groundnut cake or sunflower
- Adjust oil content if substituting lower-fat source
- Verify amino acid profile (methionine/lysine)

If Fish Meal is Expensive:
- Can partially substitute with soybean (1:1 DCP basis)
- Reduce from 11% to 6-8% in layer feed
- Ensure lysine addition if reducing fish meal

If Limestone is Unavailable:
- Use bone meal (adjust phosphorus calculations)
- Use oyster shells (ground fine)
- Calculate proper calcium-phosphorus ratio

If Maize is Expensive:
- Can substitute up to 30% with other grains
- Use wheat bran (requires adjustment)
- Include sorghum or millet where available